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Intellectual Property: Registration and Effects
by: Adv. Kishan Dutt Kalaskar 2023-03-30 16:34:46
by: Adv. Kishan Dutt Kalaskar 2023-03-30 16:34:46
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Intellectual Property: Registration and Effects
Clearance to get a Passport and Visa during the pendency of Criminal Cases
Summary of the Payment and Settlement System Act, 2007
Procedure to track court cases online
Key Features of Union Budget 2023
Top 10 reasons to hire a Civil Lawyer
5 Benefits Of Hiring A Business Lawyer When Starting Your Company
Top 5 Reasons Why You Should Consult A Banking Lawyer
10 Things to Consider Before Hiring an Accident Lawyer
Payment Recovery Process
Analyzing legal and security issues in cyber contracts (E - contracts)
Discharging and Quashing in Criminal Cases
Legal compliances for online shopping sites in India
How to select a Lawyer
Supreme Court Judgments 2022
Maternity Benefit Act 1961, at a Glance
Modes of Recording Accepted by Court
Essential elements of a sale under the Transfer of Property Act
Compensation in Motor Vehicle Accident Cases
Is it important to respond to a summon?
Analysis of Section 18 of Limitation Act, 1963
Fresh period of Limitation
The breakdown of the doctrine of Res-Judicat
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Analysis of Employees Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act
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Different Identities of an NDA
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Kavita Kanwar Vs. Mrs Pamela Mehta & Ors
Entry into Judiciary: Minimum required Qualifications
Law of Retrenchment
Grounds for refusal of a Trademark Application
Early disposal of pending cases by the High Court
Parminder Kaur V/s State of Punjab
Central Bank of India V/s M/S Maruti Acetylene Co. Ltd.
Goan Real Estate and Construction Ltd. And Anr. V/s Union of India
Raj Kumar V/s Ajay Kumar
Synopsis of the Special Marriage Act in India
Lok Adalat has no jurisdiction to decide a matter on Merits
Significance of a Police Clearance Certificate in a pending Accident Case
Understanding the Digital Rupee
Eligibility of Teachers for Gratuity under the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972
Dr. M. Kocher V/s Ispita Seal
Smt. Seema Kumar V/s Ashwin Kumar
Leo Francis Xaviour V/s The Principal, Karunya Institute
Nazir Mohamed V/s J. Kamala and Ors.
Addissery Raghavan V/s Cheruvalath Krishnadasan
Himalaya House Co. Ltd. Bombay V/s Chief Controlling Revenue
K. Sivaram V/s P. Satishkmar
Basir Ahmed Sisodia V/s The Income Tax Officer
Burden of Proof
Interest for delayed Payment under Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972 - Need for Change?
How to file a complaint in regards to violation of Cyber Laws
Delayed Justice from Consumer Courts
Can a registered Will be challenged in the Indian Court?
Trademark Infringement - Triple identity test in Trademark
Blockchain Technology in India – II
Manish V/s Nidhi Kakkar
Withdrawal of Mutual Divorce Proceedings
Blockchain Technology in India - I
Unnatural Offences
Surendra Kumar Bhilawe V/s The New India Assurance Company
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Standard from of Contract - Legal or Illegal?
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MSME Debt Recovery Provisions
Neelam Gupta Vs Mahipal Sharan Gupta
Analysis of Section 11A of Industrial Dispute Act, 1947.
Time Limits & Procedure to approach HC in Civil Cases
The necessity of Gender-Neutral laws in India
Sou. Sandhya Manoj Wankhade V/s Manoj Bhimrao Wankhade
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Filing of Complaints against biased Judges
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Zee Entertainment Enterprise Ltd. V/s Suresh Production
Chief Administrator of Huda &Anr. v/s Shakuntala Devi
Permanent Child Custody
Dilution of the statutory protection available to MSMEs
Validity of an Unregistered Sale Agreement
Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprise v/s Ks Infraspace LLP
False and misleading advertisements in India
National Legal Service Authority v/s Union of India and Others
Recovery Procedure in Cheque Bounce Cases
Roxann Sharma V/s Arun Sharma
Ganesh Santa Ram Sirur V/s State Bank of India &Anr.
Recovery Procedure of Consumer Court Cases
Bank Guarantee
M/s M.M.T.C Ltd. & Anr v/s M/s Medchl Chemical & Pharma P
Shailendra Swarup V/s Enforcement Directorate, The Deputy
SunitaTokas v/s New India Insurance Ltd.
Can couples get separated without a divorce?
Scope of Arbitration in India
Appointment of Arbitrators
NRIs right to purchase Property in India
Decriminalization of Dishonour of Cheques: a measure contradictory to its purpose
Paternity leave in India
Regulation of Cryptocurrency in India
How can litigants list their cases online?
Validity of Narco-Analysis in India
Remedies against frivolous cases registered against students by the Police
Procedures involved in a Criminal Trial
Procedured Involved in a Family Court Case
Death Certificate of a missing Person
Accountability of Police
Highlight of important Dishonour of Cheque case laws in 2020
Guidelines to be followed by Registered Medical Practitioners to dispense medicines
Land Mark Judgements on Family Law for the Year 2020
Remedies against harassment by Recovery Agents
Abetment to Suicide
Overview of the Vehicle Scrappage Policy
Rights of husbands in dowry and cruelty-based complaints
Admissibility of E-evidence; Are WhatsApp chats and E-mails admissible in Court?
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Milmet Oftho & Ors. V/s Allergan Inc.
Director of Income Tax II (International Taxation) V/s M/s Samsung Heavy Industries Co. Ltd.
M/s ExL Careers V/s Frankfinn Aviation Services Pvt. Ltd.
The Maharashtra State Cooperative Bank Ltd V/s Babulal Lade & Ors.
Constitutionality of Bandhs
State of Himachal Pradesh V/s A parent of a student of a Medical College & Ors.
Rathnamma & Ors. V/s Sujathamma & Ors.
Ravinder Kaur Grewal V/s Manjit Kaur
Ficus Pax Pvt. Ltd. V/s Union of Indian & Ors.
Commissioner of Income Tax V/s Chandra Sekhar
Analysis of Section 41-A of CRPC, 1973
Judgment: Indian Bank V/s Abs Marine Product Pvt. Ltd.
Kailas & Ors. V/s State of Maharashtra
Sukhedu Das Vs Rita Mukherjee
Witness to a Will
National Insurance Co. Ltd V/s Hindustan Safety Glass Works
Mahalakshmi V/s Bala Venkatram (d) through LR & Anr.
Kajal V/s Jagdish Chand
Shyamal Kumar V/s Sushil Kumar Agarwal
NRI's Power of Attorney
Megha Khandelwal V/s Rajat Khandelwal and Ors.
Is Registration Compulsory under Trademark and Copyright?
Md. Eqbal & Anrs. V/s State of Jharkhand
Types of Will
Employment Contract
Police Clearance Certificate
Validity of Crypto-Currency in India
A. Jayachandra V/s Aneelkaur
Points to be considered before filing an Income Tax Return
Union of India V/s N. K. Shrivasta
Startup under the Government Programme
The procedure for filing a complaint against a Lawyer
Types of Stamp Paper
Satvinder Singh V/s State of Bihar
Sexual Violence laws under the Indian Penal Code
Shreya Singhal V/s Union of India
Division of Assets
Shaleen Kabra V/s Shiwani Kabra
Types of Property
Vasant Kumar V/s Vijaykumari
Personal Injury - Damages
Adultery under the Indian Law
United Commercial Bank & Anr. V/s Deepak Debbarma & others
Intentional Wrongs
Vinay Kumar Mittal & Others V/s Deewan Housing Financial Corporation Limited
How to get a Marriage Certificate?
Mohammed Siddique Vs National Insurance Company Ltd
Pagdi System
The Bonus Act
Frivolous Complaints under the Sexual Harassment Act
Important Income Tax Return Forms and its Due Dates
Garden Leave
How can a Private Complaint be filed?
Key changes to Indian Tax Regulations
Employees Provident Fund
Status of Triple Talaq
Contract Farming & the new ordinances that affect the Farmers
Documents required for filing a Divorce
Section 138, 141 and 142 of the Negotiable Instrument Act 1881
Validity and Enforceability of Click-wrap Agreements
Child Custody under Christian and Parsi Law
Hindu Succession Act
Oppression and Mismanagement
Fraudulent and Invalid Contracts
Developments in Reserve Bank of India
Loan Frauds in India
Penalties associated with Driving
Laws governing a Knife
Medical Negligence and its Compensation
Interim Maintenance under the Domestic Violence Act
Shortcomings of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019
Tougher rules for the E-Commerce Industry
Difficulties faced by men in Family Courts
The consumer is the King in 2020
Illegal Termination of an Employee during Covid-19.
Child Labour Laws in times of Covid-19
Real Estate scenario Post Covid-19
Post Covid-19 Digital Shift of Legal practise
Mutual Consent Divorce through Video Conferencing
59 Chinese Apps banned in India
Litigants and the Lockdown - A Court Perspective
Anticipatory Bail for cases under section 498A of IPC
Brand Protection in times of Covid-19
Title Verification of Immovable Property
The Judiciary during the Pandemic
Termination of an Employee during Covid-19
Drafting of a Will
Criminal Medical Negligence in times of Covid-19
How does Covid-19 affect employers and employees?
Rent deference during the Pandemic
Post Covid-19 digital shift of legal practise
Police Interrogation
Prenuptial Agreements
Void and Voidable Contracts
The Negotiable Instrument Act 1881
Cheque Bounce Notice
Types of Dishonour of Cheques
Intestate Succession
The Stand of Essential Commodities
Trademark Cease and Desist Notice
IT Department Notice
Eviction of a Tenant
Consumer Complaint Legal Notice
Medical Adherence to Environmental Laws
Basic Elements of Transfer of Property Act, 1882
Debt Recovery Notice
Cheque Bounce Notice
Hygiene maintenance in Hospitals and Clinics
Consequences of using a Fake Degree/Certificate
Healthcare Security
Rights of Doctors with respect to Medical Negligence
Importance of Consent
Faulty Machine Aids Medical Negligence
The Special Marriage Act, 1954
Top 2019 judgements by Supreme Court
National Medical Commission Act 2019
Money Laundering
Hindu Undivided Family (HUF)
Child Labour
Endorsement under Negotiable Instrument Act
Quashing of an FIR
Annulment of Marriage
Probate
FAQ's on Trademark
EMI - Equated Monthly Installments
Legal mistakes made by the Start-Up
What is a Stamp Paper?
Sexual Abuse in Shelter Homes
Debt Recovery provisions under the SARFAESI Act
Effective ways to stop Ragging
Transfer of Property Act
Personal Injury Lawyers
Marriage Registration under the Special Marriage Act
Rights of Tenant
Classification of various Collar Jobs
Documents to be submitted for ITR Filing
Illegal Immigrants
Role of lawyers in Corporate Finance
Intestate Succession
Employment of White Collar Employment of White Collar
Domestic Violence
Power of Attorney
Dissolution of Marriage - Christian
Noting And Protest
Hostile Witness
Unfair Trade Practice
All you need to know: Drafting a Legal Notice
Fraudulent and unauthorized transactions at ATM
Is legal documentation important in medical practice?
Why do doctors need to be updated with medical negligence laws?
Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019
Jurisdiction of Consumer Redressal Forums
Does telephonic consultations amount to culpable negligence?
Consumer dispute Redressal Forum in dealing with Medical Negligence
Validity of Notices.
Response to a Legal Notice
Promotion of Medical Products.
Doctors' Bill: Prohibition of Violence & Damage to Property Bill, 2019.
Why less Indemnity cover is risky for Doctors?
Procedure for filing a Notice in India
Format of Legal Notices in India
Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019
Demerger
Legal framework for the Elimination of violence against Women in India
International Day for the Elimination of violence against Women
Family Courts in India
Inheritance Law in India
Rights of Children in India
Virtual Clinic
New Medical Technologies in India
Land Records & Titles
Regulations for firecrackers during Diwali
Legal and Regulatory Regime: Medical Technology
Intellectual Property in Medicine
Consumer Protection Bill, 2019
Artificial Intelligence in healthcare
The Real Estate (Regulation & Development) Act
Warrant and its Types
Joint Custody of Child in India
Limited Liability Partnership (LLP)
Penal Provision on Rash and Negligent Driving
National Company Law Tribunal
Rules to be followed by the Ganpati Mandals
Need to amend CrPC and IPC to increase the conviction rate.
Motor Vehicle Amendment Act, 2019
The Growth of technology Patents in India
Citizenship under the Indian Constitution
Basic Structure of the Indian Constitution
A comparative study of the Indian, UK and the US Constitution
Can the Indian Constitution be Amended?
Overview of the Indian Constitution
All you need to know: Drafting a Legal Notice
Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019
Overview of The Indian Penal Code
Offences and Prosecution under the Income Tax Act, 1961
The abolishment of Article 370 of the Constitution: One Nation One Flag
Intervention of SC in the Unnao Rape Case
Case of abandoned NRI brides, Supreme Court issues notice to the State
Financial Risk Management
Know more about Equal Remuneration Act, 1976
Procedure to File Complain against Domestic Violence
The IndiGo Promotors Feud
Rajya Sabha passes the Triple Talaq Bill
Gift Deed
More about Contested Divorce
Things to be kept in mind - Dishonor of Cheque
Prison Reforms in India
Consumer Protection ACT, 1986
More about Joint Venture
Delay of Condonation
Points to be Noted for Child Custody to Father
Basic information of Companies
Plastic Money and their Advantage & Disadvantages
Motor Accident Claim Tribunal
Guidelines to protect doctors from frivolous and unjust prosecution
Unjust Compensation - A Doctors Perspective
Misdiagnosis: A Medical Negligence?
Exemption of doctors operating in Emergency Rooms
General Types of Medico-Legal Cases (MLC)
Duty of patient to avoid aiding Medical Negligence
Rights of the Patient
Steps to be taken to avoid Medical Negligence
Liability of Medical Negligence under Consumer Protection Act
Laws that affect Medical Professionals in India
Defense against Medical Negligence Cases
Duties of Doctors
Common types of Medical Negligence
Medical Consent for treatment in India
Regulation for E - Pharmacy in India
Types of Consent for Medical Treatment
Guidelines for Autopsy/ Postmortem in India
Guidelines for the prescription of medicines
Procedure to start a Pharmacy Store in India
India Vs Pakistan: Kulbhushan Jadhav's Case
Contempt of Court
Juvenile Justice Act, 2000
Bankruptcy & Insolvency in India
The Maternity Benefit Act, 1961
Guardian and Ward Act In India
Medical Negligence in India
Procedure to be followed in Civil Recovery Proceedings
Rights of Consumers
Mandatory Registration of Documents and procedure
Rafale Deal And All About The Controversy
By: Adv. Kishan Dutt Kalaskar
Date:09 May 2020
Landlord-Tenant
Comments:0
Views:1518
Likes:0The Coronavirus pandemic has prompted the nation to its most jarring standstill in a long time, and most governments and companies are still figuring out different ways to deal with the sudden halt of global supply chains. The lockdown has slowed down markets, factory operations and several businesses, affecting employment and source of income of many.
Rental Agreements
Rental agreements in India are the most common types of agreements as India being one of the most populated countries, does not have enough resources and utilities per capita. People here work by renting places, and most of the outstation employees, workers and students who come to work and study also prefer to stay in a rented flat. It is important and always advisable that property-related deals shall be secured through legally binding agreements on the parties involved. It does not matter that whether you are an owner who is looking out to rent his property or a tenant who is looking for a property on rent, the important thing is that both the parties involved shall make use of a valid rent agreement format inclusive of all the clauses that shall be beneficial to both the parties and at its best shall protect the interest of both the parties. The agreement should work as a reference document for the parties involved. The rent agreement should be made keeping in mind all the legalities and legislation so that it is an error-free agreement and can be presented as collaborative evidence in the scenario when a dispute arises among the parties.
These agreements are simple contracts which are legally enforceable in the court of law and is therefore made under the Indian Contracts Act, 1872. Any rental agreement which is made in keeping the mind, the essentials of a valid contract, is considered as a valid rental agreement.
Rental agreements are right now the centre of attraction, as its position in the time of Covid-19 is highly unstable. There are circumstances, under which, an individual is not using a place, but is still liable to pay the rent as per the agreements. Though there have been schemes and offers by the Indian government, still the relaxation policy for such agreements is unclear.
Government Policies on Economic Relief to Affected Parties
A majority of the Indian middle class lives in rented accommodation, and so do many migrants, students, out of station employees etc. and for all of them, not having enough savings left to meet their utilities and needs is a stark and immediate reality. In that light, the central government, along with a few state governments, that have cities with sizeable migrant, and floating populations have put in place regulations to help the middle class in need of financial respite.
This paper talks about one specific aspect of the measures governments have taken to aid people financially; rent control. Since rent is a purely a contractual obligation between parties to the agreement, it is rarely infringed upon.
In understanding the provisions of rent deference, it is essential first to understand the importance of the Force Majeure Clause. A Force Majeure Event can be understood as an extraordinary event or a circumstance beyond human control, which frees both the parties from contractual obligations, when prevented by such an event, from fulfilling their obligations under the contract. Force Majeure Clause is a standard clause which is invariably incorporated in every agreement. It also entitles legally to suspend and or not to perform an undertaking by a party. Unfortunately, most of the Force Majeure clauses in already concluded agreements do not have a pandemic like an event incorporated in it. An event in order to be stated to be a Force Majeure event must contain, among other things, the following:
The central government and the respective state governments have drafted these orders and notifications, relaxing the rent payment requirements under their jurisdiction. It needs to be kept in mind that not all states have taken measures in this vein since no other form of financial relief except loan payment has been mandated in the act.
Rent Deference
The central government in consonance with their policies for migrant labourers and workers stranded has mandated that no landlord shall collect rent for the next few months due to the pandemic. Other measures, including arranging special trains for transit have been arranged but for the sake of this paper, the notification dated 29th March is the sole focus since it relaxes rent collection obligations and places the same under the purview of Sec, 57 of the Disaster Management Act, mandating a year of imprisonment or fine.
Around the same time, the state governments of Karnataka and NCT Delhi have announced a similar measure, with the notable difference being the scope of application of the notification. In both these states, the notification extends protection to all tenants and halts payment of rent for at least one month in Delhi and a similar length of time in Karnataka. These notifications do not signify whether they will be deferring the payments, or requiring landlords to forgo the rent for the one-month period commencing on the day of the issuance of the notification. This lack of clarity be as it may, the NCT Delhi government has, through an advisory announced that they would be providing assistance to those residents that are unable to meet their rent obligations. While there is no official notification signifying the same, it can be assumed that the same will be carried out as a local level scheme.
While the Delhi and central government notifications have made provisions for action in the event of a violation of the same, the Maharashtra government notification, which wasn’t properly available on the website, and whose only public domain copy was a twitter post, where a Marathi language copy of the order was found, makes no such mention. This notification is more explicit about the aim, where the time period of non-recovery is three months, the notification clearly states that the scheme merely provides for deferment of rent payment, rather than forgiveness; allowing landlords to recover three months of rent at the end of the notification period.
These measures have no bearing on the rental contracts and do not derail the status of sub-letters, most of that is to be extrapolated from the barebones construction of the notification. In sum, these notifications apply to all landlords that, at the time of publication are letting out a property in rent and to the best of my knowledge (except for Maharashtra where it is specified) defer the payment of rent.
There are other ways through which the rent is reduced or waived off in these hard times. One of the ways is by directly convincing the owner of the property for some concession in the monthly payments of the rent till the nationwide lockdown is over. This is an unofficial method, and it entirely depends upon the decision of the owner whether he wants to give the concession to the tenant or not. There yet no official notice from the government which allows concession to such agreements. It is vital to note that such arrangements are being used by the students, outstation employees, etc. Also, such policies only apply to those agreements that have been executed before the nationwide lockdown, that is, before 25th March.
The parties may execute an Addendum with the help of a legal entity or try to negotiate and put in writing and execute the Addendum. The strict requirement of compulsory registration of such pandemic time Addendums or novation of contracts, during these hard times, must be dispensed with by the governments so that there is no unnecessary hassle.
Changes in legal System post Covid-19
Once the lockdown is over, and things become normal, one of the most prominent change, that the legal system will witness shall be the making of the legal enforceable agreements. People will not consider the importance of making a contract and will execute such contracts with utmost diligence. The clauses like “force majeure” and “doctrine of frustration” will be considered essential, and would be taken into consideration in future contracts.
A “force majeure” clause when present in a contract, gives the opportunity to not perform legal obligations under some circumstances. Such scenarios could be when an activity becomes impossible to perform. If a rental agreement, contains this clause, there are high possibilities that the rent is waived or reduced of the tenant, as due to the lockdown staying in the rented flats have become an impossible activity. However, such clauses are not added in the rental agreements. Therefore, the layman will make sure that such a clause is given a place in the agreement.
The covid-19 lockdown has also made people aware of the clause of “doctrine of frustration”. This clause frustrates the tenancy even when either party involved in the agreement is not at fault, and the legal obligations, become impossible to fulfil due to the unforeseeable circumstances. Tenancy, as the main element of the contract, will terminate automatically, when a frustrating event occurs that is one which is unforeseeable and unexpected or beyond the control of the parties. Section 56 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 deals with “doctrine of frustration”. Here again, the important point is the presence of such a clause in the valid rental agreement.
Services of trained mediators and conciliators and organizations that provide additional dispute resolution may be used by the parties, in order to conclude issue rising due to these rental agreements in the time of the lockdown.
Therefore, if we talk about the changes in the legal system, drafting of the rental contracts would see a new world with much more important clauses.
Conclusion
Post Covid-19 there are significant changes that the country would witness. Similarly, the rental agreements will have to go through their own changes. The agreements would amend not only with the addition of newer clauses but also the way through which the rents are paid. The rent in the future might be paid through instalments etc. However, it is important to understand that the basic structure of a rental agreement would not change. It might go under some amendments, but its validity and the way they are made shall remain the same. It is advisable that once the things become normal, execution of such agreements shall be only made with the help of an experienced legal person to reduce such ambiguity in the future outcomes of the agreement.
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